THERMODYNAMICS
*Thermodynamics is a physical science that studies the efforts on material bodies and on radiation in regions of space of transfer of heat and work done by the bodies.
*Thermodynamics is built on the study of energy transfers that can be strictly resolved into two distinct components,heat and work.
TYPES OF APPROACHES
1.Microscopic Approach
The analysis of the system at the atomic level. This the domain of statical thermodynamics.
2.Macroscopic Approach
The analysis of the system at the continuum level. This is the domain of classical and non-equilibrium thermodynamics.
THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS
1.Cycle
Any process (or) series of processes while end states are identical is termed a cycle.
2.Point Function
When two properties locate a point on the graph then those properties is called as point function.
Ex: Pressure,Temperature,Volume etc.,
3.Path Function
Certain entities such as heat or work can't be located on a graph by a point but represented by the area enclosed.
Ex:Heat,Work,etc.,
THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS
1.Closed System
The closed system is a system of fixed mass. There is a no mass transfer across the system boundary. There may be energy transfer into (or) out of the system.
2.Open system
The open system is one in which matter crosses the boundary of the system. There may be energy transfer also. Most of the engineering devices are generally open systems.
3.Isolated system
*The isolated system is one in which there is no interaction between the system and surroundings.
*It is of fixed mass and energy, and there is no mass (or) energy transfer across the system boundary.
4.Adiabatic system
*An adiabatic system is one which is thermally insulated from its surroundings.
*It can,however, exchange work with its surroundings. If it does not, becomes an isolated system.
PROCESS
1.Reversible Process
A process that can be reversed without leaving any trace of surroundings
2.Irreversible Process
A process that is not reversible. All the processes occurring in nature are irreversible.
3.Quasi Static Process
When the process is carried out in a way that at every instant, the system deviation from the thermodynamic equilibrium is infititesimal, then the process is known as Quasi-static (or) Quasi equilibrium process and each state in the process may be considered as an equilibrium state.
PROPERTIES OF SYSTEM
1.Extensive Properties
The property which depends upon the size and mass of the system is called an Extensive property. Ex:Mass,Weight,Volume,Internal Energy, Heat capacity,etc.,
2.Intensive Properties
The properties which are independent of the mass of the system are called Intensive property.
Ex:Pressure,Temperature,Viscosity,etc.,
TYPES OF EQUILIBRIUM
1.Mechanical Equilibrium
There should not be any pressure unbalancing either in the interior of the system (or) between the system and the surroundings.
2.Chemical Equilibrium
For a system to be in chemical equilibrium there should be equality if chemical potential.
3.Thermal Equilibrium
There should not be any temperature gradient in the system. For a system equilibrium it is not necessary that the system should be mechanical and chemical equilibrium
4.Thermodynamic Equilibrium
When the system satisfies the condition of mechanical equilibrium, chemical equilibrium and thermal equilibrium, it is said to be in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium.